•White blood cells (leukocytes) are an important part of the body’s defense against infectious organisms and foreign substances (the immune system). •To defend the body adequately, a sufficient number of white blood cells must receive a message that an infectious organism or foreign substance has invaded the body, get to where they are needed, and […]
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Introduction •At one time, grasslands covered about 42% of the land surface of the world, today, however, much of it is under cultivation and its cover is reduced to 19% of the total land area of the world. •There are two main types of grasslands: 1.Grasslands variously known as Prairies (in North America); Veldt (in
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Introduction •The freshwater habitats occupy a relatively very small portion of earth ‘s surface (i.e. 1% only) compared with marine (70%) and terrestrial habitats (28%), but their importance to humans is far greater than their area for the following reason. 1.They are the most convenient and cheapest source of water for domestic, agriculture and industrial
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Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes) A major function of red blood cells, also known as erythrocytes, is to transport hemoglobin, which in turn carries oxygen from the lungs to the tissues. In some lower animals, hemoglobin circulates as free protein in the plasma, not enclosed in red blood cells. When it is free in the plasma
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•Plasmacytes are non-granular cells which are not normally found in peripheral blood. they play an important role in synthesizing protein fractions of blood for fighting diseases. •Plasma blast •PRO plasmacyte •plasmacyte Plasma blast It is different from other blasts in the bone marrow. Nucleus is oval and slightly accentric.2-5 fairly large nucleoli. Chromatin network is
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Introduction and Types •The word tundra is derived from a Finnish word “tunturi” meaning a tree-less plain. In Russian language tundra means a “marshy treeless landscape”. •There are two types of tundra’s. •a. Arctic Tundra: Some five million acres of Arctic tundra stretches across Canada, Northern Europe, Siberia and. Alaska encircling the North Pole. •b.
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•Hypochromic anemia, or Hypochromic anaemia, is a generic term for any type of anemia in which the red blood cells (erythrocytes) are paler than normal. (Hypo– refers to less, and chromic means color.) •A normal red blood cell will have an area of pallor in the center of it; it is biconcave disk shaped. In hypochromic cells, this area of central pallor is increased.
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•Leukemia, also spelled leukemias, is a group of blood cancers that usually begin in the bone marrow and result in high numbers of abnormal blood cells. These blood cells are not fully developed and are called blasts or leukemia cells. •Symptoms may include bleeding and bruising problems, feeling tired, fever, and an increased risk of infections. These symptoms occur due to a lack of normal blood cells. Diagnosis is typically made
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Standardized Procedure •The constituents of the blood may be altered by a number of factors which are listed in Box 1.1. •It is important to have a standard procedure for the collecting and handling of blood specimens. Venous blood •It is now common practice for specimen collection to be undertaken by specially trained phlebotomists, and
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Introduction •With the world growing at a pace hard to match, the increasing need for space is turning out to be an area of concern. •With desperate need for land for agricultural, industrial and most importantly urban needs to contain cities and their growing population, a direct action that we have come to recognize as “Deforestation”
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