Hematology

•Plasmacytes are non-granular cells which are not normally found in peripheral blood. they play an important role in synthesizing protein fractions of blood for fighting diseases. •Plasma blast •PRO plasmacyte •plasmacyte Plasma blast It is different from other blasts in the bone marrow.                                                          Nucleus is oval and slightly accentric.2-5 fairly large nucleoli. Chromatin network is […]

•Hypochromic anemia, or Hypochromic anaemia, is a generic term for any type of anemia in which the red blood cells (erythrocytes) are paler than normal. (Hypo– refers to less, and chromic means color.) •A normal red blood cell will have an area of pallor in the center of it; it is biconcave disk shaped. In hypochromic cells, this area of central pallor is increased.

•Leukemia, also spelled leukemias, is a group of blood cancers that usually begin in the bone marrow and result in high numbers of abnormal blood cells. These blood cells are not fully developed and are called blasts or leukemia cells. •Symptoms may include bleeding and bruising problems, feeling tired, fever, and an increased risk of infections. These symptoms occur due to a lack of normal blood cells. Diagnosis is typically made

Standardized Procedure •The constituents of the blood may be altered by a number of factors which are listed in Box 1.1. •It is important to have a standard procedure for the collecting and handling of blood specimens. Venous blood •It is now common practice for specimen collection to be undertaken by specially trained phlebotomists, and

Introduction •Leukopoiesis is the process of formation of leukocytes (white blood cells) from stem cells in haematopoietic organs. •Leukocytes develop from either multipotential myeloid stem cells (CFU-GEMM) or multipotential lymphoid stem cells (CFU-L). •Leukocytes developing from CFU-GEMM’s are granulocytes (neutrophils, basophils andeosinophils) or monocytes. •Leukocytes developing from CFU-Ls are lymphocytes (T & B cells, dendritic and NK cells). Granulopoiesis •All granulocytes develop

Introduction •Bone marrow is a semi-solid tissue which may be found within the spongy or cancellous portions of bones. In birds and mammals, bone marrow is the primary site of new blood cell production or hematopoiesis.  •It is composed of hematopoietic cells, marrow adipose tissue, and supportive stromal cells. In adult humans, bone marrow is primarily located in the ribs, vertebrae, sternum, and

Heparin Heparin – Structure Heparin is a mucopolysaccharide with a molecular weight ranging from 6,000 to 40,000 Da. The average molecular weight of most commercial heparin preparations is in the range of 12,000 – 15,000 Da. The polymeric chain is composed of repeating disaccharide unit of D-glucosamine and uranic acid linked by 1¯¯>4 inter glycosidic

Introduction •Anemia is defined as a reduction in the hemoglobin concentration of the blood below normal for age and sex OR red cell defect (Table 2.3). •Reduction of hemoglobin is usually accompanied by a fall in red cell count and packed cell volume (PCV), but these may be normal in some patients with subnormal hemoglobin

Introduction to stem cell •A stem cell can be defined as a relatively undifferentiated cell that when it divides produces •(1) one cell that retains its undifferentiated character; and •(2) a second cell that can undergo one or more paths of differentiation. •Thus, a stem cell has the potential to renew itself at each division