Exotic and Invasive species

Introduction •Exotic and invasive species are two types of non-native species. Non-native species can be found in a second ecosystem apart from the ecosystem they evolved from. •Non-native species spread by natural process or human activities. Most non-native or indigenous species are harmless. They are called exotic species. •When an exotic species becomes harmful to […]

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Heparin Structure, metabolism and mechanism

Heparin Heparin – Structure Heparin is a mucopolysaccharide with a molecular weight ranging from 6,000 to 40,000 Da. The average molecular weight of most commercial heparin preparations is in the range of 12,000 – 15,000 Da. The polymeric chain is composed of repeating disaccharide unit of D-glucosamine and uranic acid linked by 1¯¯>4 inter glycosidic

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Concept of Toxication versus Detoxication

Toxication A number of xenobiotics (e.g., strong acids and bases, nicotine, aminoglycosides, ethylene oxide, methylisocyanate, heavy-metal ions, HCN, CO) are directly toxic. Whereas the toxicity of others is due largely to metabolites. Biotransformation to harmful products is called toxication or metabolic activation. For example, oxalic acid formed from ethylene glycol may cause acidosis and hypocalcemia

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Levels, Types and Principles of Environmental Law

Introduction •Environmental law, principles, policies, directives, and regulations enacted and enforced by local, national, or international entities to regulate human treatment of the nonhuman world. •The vast field covers a broad range of topics in diverse legal settings, such as state bottle-return laws in the United States, regulatory standards for emissions from coal-fired power plants in Germany, initiatives in

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Introduction of Pollution and pollutants

Introduction Pollution is an undesirable change in the physical, chemical or biological characteristics of our air, land, and water that may or will harmfully affect human life or that of desirable species, our industrial processes, living conditions, and cultural assets (Odum, 1971) In other words, pollution is the unfavorable alteration of our environment, largely as

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The gustatory and Olfactory System

•Distinctions between gustation and olfaction. Gustation used to detect and identify food-related chemicals in near environment. Olfaction used not just to detect food, also detection of enemies and mates. The gustatory system: Taste bud ·Gustatory receptors found in clusters- taste buds, receptors an axonal but generate APs. ·Gustatory receptors on tongue, throat, and mouth synapse

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