•An ecological niche is the role that a speciesplays and its position within the environment in which it develops; it is the way in which it manages to satisfy its food and shelter needs, how it survives and how it reproduces. •A species’ niche includes all its interactions with both bioticand abiotic factors in its environment. •Let us remember that biotic factors are all living beings, while […]

Introduction •Exotic and invasive species are two types of non-native species. Non-native species can be found in a second ecosystem apart from the ecosystem they evolved from. •Non-native species spread by natural process or human activities. Most non-native or indigenous species are harmless. They are called exotic species. •When an exotic species becomes harmful to

Introduction •Environmental law, principles, policies, directives, and regulations enacted and enforced by local, national, or international entities to regulate human treatment of the nonhuman world. •The vast field covers a broad range of topics in diverse legal settings, such as state bottle-return laws in the United States, regulatory standards for emissions from coal-fired power plants in Germany, initiatives in

Introduction •Community ecology deals with the groups of different kinds of populations in the area. •A community is defined as an assemblage of different plants, animals, and microbes living in a defined area of habitat. Thus, the forest with various kinds of trees, shrubs, herbs, animals (such as, mammals, birds, reptiles, insects, etc.) fungi and

Introduction •Humans need food as a source of energy and for tissue replacement, like any other animal. The source of much of the food consumed by man is terrestrial agriculture. •This represents the most manipulated of all the non-urban ecosystems, in which the energy and matter pathways are directed almost entirely to man and where