Ecological Niche its Characteristics and Types

•An ecological niche is the role that a speciesplays and its position within the environment in which it develops; it is the way in which it manages to satisfy its food and shelter needs, how it survives and how it reproduces. •A species’ niche includes all its interactions with both bioticand abiotic factors in its environment. •Let us remember that biotic factors are all living beings, while […]

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Leukopoiesis and its stages

Introduction •Leukopoiesis is the process of formation of leukocytes (white blood cells) from stem cells in haematopoietic organs. •Leukocytes develop from either multipotential myeloid stem cells (CFU-GEMM) or multipotential lymphoid stem cells (CFU-L). •Leukocytes developing from CFU-GEMM’s are granulocytes (neutrophils, basophils andeosinophils) or monocytes. •Leukocytes developing from CFU-Ls are lymphocytes (T & B cells, dendritic and NK cells). Granulopoiesis •All granulocytes develop

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Structure and function of Bone marrow

Introduction •Bone marrow is a semi-solid tissue which may be found within the spongy or cancellous portions of bones. In birds and mammals, bone marrow is the primary site of new blood cell production or hematopoiesis.  •It is composed of hematopoietic cells, marrow adipose tissue, and supportive stromal cells. In adult humans, bone marrow is primarily located in the ribs, vertebrae, sternum, and

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Heparin Structure, metabolism and mechanism

Heparin Heparin – Structure Heparin is a mucopolysaccharide with a molecular weight ranging from 6,000 to 40,000 Da. The average molecular weight of most commercial heparin preparations is in the range of 12,000 – 15,000 Da. The polymeric chain is composed of repeating disaccharide unit of D-glucosamine and uranic acid linked by 1¯¯>4 inter glycosidic

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Concept of Toxication versus Detoxication

Toxication A number of xenobiotics (e.g., strong acids and bases, nicotine, aminoglycosides, ethylene oxide, methylisocyanate, heavy-metal ions, HCN, CO) are directly toxic. Whereas the toxicity of others is due largely to metabolites. Biotransformation to harmful products is called toxication or metabolic activation. For example, oxalic acid formed from ethylene glycol may cause acidosis and hypocalcemia

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Levels, Types and Principles of Environmental Law

Introduction •Environmental law, principles, policies, directives, and regulations enacted and enforced by local, national, or international entities to regulate human treatment of the nonhuman world. •The vast field covers a broad range of topics in diverse legal settings, such as state bottle-return laws in the United States, regulatory standards for emissions from coal-fired power plants in Germany, initiatives in

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